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Some peptides, particularly BPC-157 and Larazotide, have shown promise for the inflammation and barrier-function pathways that often drive IBS symptoms

Approximately 1.5% to 15% of people have vitamin B12 deficiency

Proteome Discoverer 2.4 software (Thermo Scientific) with the built-in Sequest algorithm was used for database searching and quantitative analysis

In both pathways, cysteine-dependent proteases known as caspases execute apoptotic cell death by cleaving key structural and regulatory proteins, primarily through the action of caspase-3 (CASP3) and caspase-7 (CASP7), with caspase-6 (CASP6) contributing to downstream substrate cleavage and apoptotic progression